INTRODUCTION: Iron deficiency anemia is a widespread public health issue globally, with adverse effects across multiple systems. However, it can be prevented through simple recommendations and prophylactic supplementation. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia, the impact of prophylactic iron supplementation, and the effect of socioeconomic status on the development of iron deficiency and anemia. METHODS: The study encompassed 198 children aged 6–12 months (103 male and 95 female). Hematological parameters were evaluated in relation to the history of nutrition, prophylactic iron supplementation, and the families’ socioeconomic status. Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency was 55.4%, while iron deficiency anemia was observed in 17.9% of cases. Iron supplementation positively influenced hemoglobin and iron levels. Infants fed with formula exhibited higher levels of iron, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation compared to those who were breastfed. Higher levels of iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation were significantly associated with a higher monthly income. A greater proportion of mothers with only primary school education was observed in the group with iron deficiency anemia. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Iron deficiency remains highly prevalent in our country. Key strategies for addressing iron deficiency should focus on nutritional improvement and maternal education. Iron supplementation is also advisable.